《自然》（20240815出版）一周论文导读
编译|未玖
Nature, 15 August 2024, Volume 632, Issue 8025
《自然》2024年8月15日，第632卷，8025期
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天文学Astronomy
Bound star clusters observed in a lensed galaxy 460?Myr after the Big Bang
大爆炸后4.6亿年透镜星系中观测到的引力束缚星团
▲ 作者：Angela Adamo, Larry D. Bradley, Eros Vanzella, Adéla?de Claeyssens, Brian Welch, Jose M. Diego, et al.
▲链接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07703-7
▲摘要：
“宇宙宝石弧”星系是在红移z≈10.2处观测到的最明亮和高度放大的星系之一。然而，其本质上是一个紫外线微弱的星系，处于那些现被认为驱动宇宙再电离的星系范围内。迄今为止，在类似红移的星系中分辨出的最小特征在几百到几十秒差距（pc）之间。
研究组报道了JWST对“宇宙宝石弧”的观测。该星系的光被分解成五个星团，位于一个小于70 pc的区域内。这些星团表现出最小的尘埃衰减和低金属丰度，年龄小于50 Myr，本征质量约为106M⊙。其透镜校正尺寸约为1 pc，导致恒星表面密度接近105M⊙pc?2，比近域宇宙中典型的年轻星团高三个数量级。
尽管透镜模型存在固有不确定性，但其与引力束缚的恒星系统（即原始球状星团）一致。研究组得出结论，星团的形成和反馈可能有助于塑造再电离时期星系的特性。
▲ Abstract：
The Cosmic Gems arc is among the brightest and highly magnified galaxies observed at redshift z?≈?10.2. However, it is an intrinsically ultraviolet faint galaxy, in the range of those now thought to drive the reionization of the Universe. Hitherto the smallest features resolved in a galaxy at a comparable redshift are between a few hundreds and a few tens of parsecs (pc). Here we report JWST observations of the Cosmic Gems. The light of the galaxy is resolved into five star clusters located in a region smaller than 70?pc. They exhibit minimal dust attenuation and low metallicity, ages younger than 50?Myr and intrinsic masses of about 106M⊙. Their lensing-corrected sizes are approximately 1?pc, resulting in stellar surface densities near 105M⊙pc?2, three orders of magnitude higher than typical young star clusters in the local Universe. Despite the uncertainties inherent to the lensing model, they are consistent with being gravitationally bound stellar systems, that is, proto-globular clusters. We conclude that star cluster formation and feedback likely contributed to shaping the properties of galaxies during the epoch of reionization.
材料科学Materials Science
Multi-heterojunctioned plastics with high thermoelectric figure of merit
具有高热电品质因数的多异质结塑料
▲ 作者：Dongyang Wang, Jiamin Ding, Yingqiao Ma, Chunlin Xu, Zhiyi Li, Xiao Zhang, et al.
▲链接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07724-2
▲摘要：
共轭聚合物有望成为灵活、低成本的热电材料，利用废热为物联网供电。然而，迄今为止，其有价值的应用一直受到无量纲品质因数（ZT）较低的阻碍。
研究组报道了高ZT热电塑料，通过创建具有周期性双异质结特征的聚合物多异质结来实现，其中每个周期由两种具有低于10纳米层状异质结结构和互穿体异质结界面的聚合物组成。这种几何结构显著增强了界面类声子散射，同时保持了有效的电荷输运。
研究组观察到，与单个聚合物相比，该塑料的导热系数显著降低了60%以上，功率因数提高，导致ZT在368 K时高达1.28。这种聚合物的热电性能超越了商用热电材料和现有的柔性热电候选材料。
重要的是，研究组证明了聚合物多异质结结构与溶液涂层技术的兼容性，以满足大面积塑料热电材料的需求，可助力聚合物多异质结向成本效益高的可穿戴热电技术的发展。
▲ Abstract：
Conjugated polymers promise inherently flexible and low-cost thermoelectrics for powering the Internet of Things from waste heat. Their valuable applications, however, have been hitherto hindered by the low dimensionless figure of merit (ZT). Here we report high-ZT thermoelectric plastics, which were achieved by creating a polymeric multi-heterojunction with periodic dual-heterojunction features, where each period is composed of two polymers with a sub-ten-nanometre layered heterojunction structure and an interpenetrating bulk-heterojunction interface. This geometry produces significantly enhanced interfacial phonon-like scattering while maintaining efficient charge transport. We observed a significant suppression of thermal conductivity by over 60?per cent and an enhanced power factor when compared with individual polymers, resulting in a ZT of up to 1.28 at 368?kelvin. This polymeric thermoelectric performance surpasses that of commercial thermoelectric materials and existing flexible thermoelectric candidates. Importantly, we demonstrated the compatibility of the polymeric multi-heterojunction structure with solution coating techniques for satisfying the demand for large-area plastic thermoelectrics, which paves the way for polymeric multi-heterojunctions towards cost-effective wearable thermoelectric technologies.
Buried interface molecular hybrid for inverted perovskite solar cells
倒置钙钛矿太阳能电池的埋底界面分子杂化
▲ 作者：Sanwan Liu, Jingbai Li, Wenshan Xiao, Rui Chen, Zhenxing Sun, Yong Zhang, et al.
▲链接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07723-3
▲摘要：
